Geospatial data in Python

Geovisualization

Here, I’ll walk you through the code for a geovisualization.

library(tidyverse) 

── Attaching packages ─────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse 1.3.2 ──
✔ ggplot2 3.4.4     ✔ purrr   1.0.2
✔ tibble  3.2.1     ✔ dplyr   1.1.4
✔ tidyr   1.3.0     ✔ stringr 1.5.1
✔ readr   2.1.5     ✔ forcats 0.5.2

Warning: package 'readr' was built under R version 4.2.3

Warning: package 'dplyr' was built under R version 4.2.3

Warning: package 'stringr' was built under R version 4.2.3

── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()

library(stringr)
library(leaflet)

Warning: package 'leaflet' was built under R version 4.2.3

library(leaflet.extras)
library(tigris)

To enable caching of data, set `options(tigris_use_cache = TRUE)`
in your R script or .Rprofile.

library(sf)

Warning: package 'sf' was built under R version 4.2.3

Linking to GEOS 3.11.0, GDAL 3.5.3, PROJ 9.1.0; sf_use_s2() is TRUE

options(tigris_use_cache = TRUE)

## clean vote data
vote_returns = read.csv("1976-2020-president.csv")
vote_focus <- vote_returns %>%
          filter(year == 2020 & 
                party_simplified == "REPUBLICAN") %>%
          mutate(STATEFP = str_pad(state_fips, width = 2, side = "left", pad = "0"),
                 vote_share = candidatevotes/totalvotes) 

## load state polygons
states <- states(year = 2020)
states_leaflet <- states %>% 
            st_transform(crs = 4326)

## merge state polygons with vote share
state_w_votefocus <- states_leaflet %>%
            inner_join(vote_focus, by = "STATEFP")

## create color palette
bins <- quantile(vote_focus$vote_share, probs = seq(from = 0, to = 1, by = 0.2))
palette <- colorBin("YlOrRd", domain = state_w_votefocus$vote_share, bins = bins)

## create labels for each state
state_labels <- sprintf("<strong>State:</strong> %s<br/><strong>Republican Vote Share:</strong> %.2f",
                  state_w_votefocus$NAME,
                  state_w_votefocus$vote_share) %>%
            lapply(htmltools::HTML)

## create choropleth map
leaflet(state_w_votefocus) %>%
    addProviderTiles("OpenStreetMap",
                     group = "OpenStreetMap") %>%
    setView(-96, 37.8, 4) %>%
    addPolygons(fillColor = ~palette(vote_share),
                weight = 2,
                opacity = 1,
                color = "white",
                fillOpacity = 0.8,
    highlightOptions = highlightOptions(
    weight = 5,
    color = "black",
    fillOpacity = 0.8,
    bringToFront = TRUE),
    label = state_labels) %>%
    addLegend(pal = palette, values = ~vote_share, opacity = 0.8, 
              title = "Republican vote share",
    position = "bottomright")